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Negotiation, glide path, and preflaring are essential steps in root canal shaping. They always must be associated to a good debris removal in order to avoid accidental canal blockage or apical extrusion of debris. For this reason, a deep irrigation should be achieved since the first steps of a root canal treatment. Adequate cleaning, shaping, and […]

This article is the second part of our review to determine if rotary files should only be used once. In our first article looking at the mechanical properties of rotary files, it was determined that: Surface changes are seen on a microscopic level after a few uses or after several sterilization cycles, but that these […]

Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy was first used for endodontic files by Walia in 1988 (1) as an alternative to stainless steel for hand files.  The first Ni-Ti rotary files came to the market a few years later in the early 1990s.  These new instruments revolutionized root canal therapy but also greatly increased the cost of material […]

Having reviewed the history of ultrasound and ultrasonic tips in "Ultrasonic in Endodontics: Part 1" (http://styleitaliano.hime.host/ultrasonics-in-endodontics-part-1) in this second part will be highlighted the clinical applications of these tools, that has today become fundamental in almost every phase of the endodontic therapy. In fact, if they assist the execution of a minimal invasive cavity access, […]

Around the end of 1950 the ultrasonic technology has had a wide spread not only in the field of hygiene and periodontology, but also in endodontics. Nowadays the operators thoroughly know the benefits of the use of ultrasound in the endodontic field, where a minimally invasive approach is always needed, together with magnification, in order […]