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We know that treating a tooth involves different phases or stages, but it is important to know the internal anatomy, in order to approach the case in the best possible way. I present 2 cases in 1 where we can observe how complex a treatment can be if we cannot approach it correctly, a lower […]

The purpose of this clinical article is to highlight possible root canal treatment error due to a misinterpretation of root canal morphology using 2 dimensional digital X-rays (Peri Apical Xray) Patient presented to the clinic with shooting pain on his lower left side. Tooth 37 was diagnosed with a pulpits and root canal treatment was […]

A thorough and detailed knowledge of root canal anatomy is a crucial requirement for a successful endodontic treatment outcome. Due to each tooth singularity a vast number of morphological variations is possible. Such variations increase the difficulty in shaping, cleaning and filling the three dimensional root canal system.( Vertucci et al 2009).The anatomical characteristics of permanent […]

MTA is a bioactive cement that has gained immense popularity in endodontic treatments. It is composed of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, and bismuth oxide.  MTA possesses unique characteristics that make it an ideal material for various dental procedures. These properties include exceptional sealing ability, biocompatibility, good marginal adaptation, as well as its ability to promote […]

Root resorption is a pathological process that may occur after surgical mechanical, chemical or thermal insult. Generally, it can be classified as internal and external root resorption. Depending on the diagnosis, biocompatible material like MTA can be used in management of these cases. General dental practitioners can face difficulties in diagnosis and treatment planning for […]

Most mandibular second molars are usually found to have two roots (76%) or one root (22%). The incidence of 3 roots anatomy in such teeth is considered a rare finding (less than 2% in some researches). The incidence of 3 rooted lower second molar with 4 separate canals is considered very rare.  This is a […]

The second maxillary premolar  may have 1 to 3 roots: with one root canal in 75-96% of cases, with two root canals in 4-24% and three root canals in 0-1%. Careful interpretation of preoperative radiographs is essential for providing insight into the number of existing root canals. In maxillary premolars with multiple roots and canals, […]

Middle mesial canal (MMC) is an additional canal found in mandibular first molars. The knowledge of its presence and its detection, negotiation, disinfection and sealing plays paramount importance in the overall endodontic success. 

As endodontists we often encounter retreatment cases with procedural errors such as canal blockages, ledges, instrument fractures and perforations.  The ledge is defined as an iatrogenic deviation from the original canal path that does not communicate with the periodontal ligament. The presence of a ledge prohibits the files from reaching the canal terminus, resulting in […]

The maxillary first molar typically exhibits complex root canal anatomy, commonly presenting with three roots—two buccal and one palatal. However, anatomical variations, such as the presence of a fourth root, can occur and significantly impact endodontic treatment. Recognizing these variations is crucial for successful root canal therapy. This article discusses the endodontic management of four-rooted […]

In retreatment cases , the clinician has to deal with many mishaps such as underfilled, missed and obstructed canals as also with iatrogenic damages as separated instruments and perforations. Underfilled and missed canals are the main reasons for endodontic failures (>30%).Especially underfilling can be a real challenge since it can strongly reduces the success rate […]

The clinician must be aware of the possible anatomical variations of these teeth and their relationship to adjacent anatomical structures when planning and performing endodontic procedures.